British Television Essay

Soap opera is the most popular genre of television programming across the globe and has been the leading favourite of British television for the past forty-six years. The trend evolved from the radio soap operas of the 1930s and 1940s, surfacing first in the United States and later spreading across the world. It attracted large audiences consisting mainly of female listeners and with the growing popularity of television it soon became firmly rooted on the screen. The long running Coronation Street was the first British soap opera to make a significant impact on UK drama in 1960s. Its aim was to target mainly working class people in creating a microcosm of the working world we live in, focusing on realism as opposed to the escapism forms of the American soaps. In order to conclude on whether the dominance of this genre is beneficial or detrimental to the future welfare of British drama, I’m going to study the pros and cons of soap opera as a form of British Television. Over the years soap operas have been continuously praised and condemned by the general public and despite of its popularity the genre continues to carry the connotation of a degraded cultural form of television drama. There is the common belief that soap operas are for those with simple tastes and limited capacities, for the content and style of them are unable to truly challenge the viewers in the same way that the more serious single drama can. However, it is a known fact that soap opera is the most complex narrative form of all television drama requiring prior knowledge from its audience. David Buckingham (Public Secrets: ‘EastEnder’s’ and its Audience) mentions the mental demands that soap operas require from a viewer focusing on the ability to recall past events when cued, to look into the future and speculate about forth coming events and to use the multi-plot narrative for ‘lateral reference’. Hence although the content may not be truly challenging it would be wrong to say that soap operas require nothing from their audiences for it is a general assumption that the average viewer is a ‘fan’ of the show. Yet, it has been labelled as little more than â€Å"chewing gum for the eyes† (Richard Kilborn in Television Soaps), a harmful and corrupting product of broadcasting that feeds the soap viewers’ addictions with the so-called mindless forms of entertainment they offer. Issues of ‘influence over audience’ and the affects that the content may have on its viewers cause much controversy. There is the belief that as an active audience we are in control and therefore choose whether we watch something more challenging or something that we can watch unfold in front of us, no questions required. For this reason we also have the ability to see what’s real and what isn’t, and yet, we have the concern of â€Å"cultivation differential†, where the viewer begins to accept the values portrayed in the soap operas as their own, or more so than the values of the world we live in. We must ask ourselves then whether soap operas are an accurate portrait of life today and with regards to this, how harmful can the programmes be if the audience begins to take the soap’s values as their own? British soaps are watched for their realism having become our â€Å"virtual communities, doing more to break down social and class boundaries than any government leader could ever do† (Mal Young, BBC Television’s head of drama series). They cover a diverse range of issues, in particular domestic, from storylines of health, relationships, business and family, to the ever so popular murder and death. Based, for the most part, on problems experienced within personal relationships and family life the content of the soap is fundamentally humanised, and thus we find the lifestyles led on screen are not so different from our own. They attempt to represent the realities of a working class life and confront many of the problems faced in our society, exploring all the different possibilities and affects of such struggles but never claiming to offer a single solution. The realism of these soaps is emphasised more so by the reasonably slow pace at which the narrative is allowed to progress appearing more or less to be ‘unravelling’ in real time. Viewers can often identify with the stereotype characters of the drama series that become almost existent to them. However, there are much bigger dramas in our world than domestic murder and by resorting to melodrama it’s as if we are choosing a more safe and cosy view of society. So, should our soap operas be more demanding of their audiences, and should they be tackling greater issues becoming more like the golden ages of television when the programmes were revolutionary, making an impact on the viewers? I would argue that times have changed and soap operas, whether focusing on realism or glamorous escapism, are a form of harmless therapy for viewers to turn to, becoming a part of that world and forgetting theirs. It is in single drama that we look to be challenged and if soaps began to address the more serious issues, encouraging us to question and think then I feel the need for single drama would soon disappear. It’s not so much the form or content of soap operas that may be detrimental to future welfare of British drama, but the way is dominates our television schedules. The real danger is that other forms of drama with perhaps more important/ meaningful messages may be overlooked and that is where we may lose revolutionary television. It’s alarming how many hours of soaps and docu-soaps (reality programmes) are â€Å"choking up vast swathes of airtime like pondweed† (Adam Sweeting: Soap Springs Eternal: Guardian website). The former values of Lord Reith seem almost non-existent, for the once precious airtime to show variety is now seen as a mere tool for audience shares. The domination of this phenomenon has led television companies to believe that the somewhat cheap and open ended formats of soap operas are a much safer option than striving to make new original programmes with a challenging voice. â€Å"The soaps do what they do well, but that doesn’t mean that should be the only form of drama on T. V, or that they should be the only sources of good, interesting actors† (Christine Geraghty ). Soap operas are beneficial in that they tackle the smaller issues in our society leaving room for other forms of drama to make greater impacts with more challenging storylines, confronting the greater political issues like terrorism and racism. The fact that soap operas are continuous and avoid narrative closure would make it more difficult, I believe, to create a strong drama series about a deeply serious and ongoing issue. They are good at showing the domestic issues that many encounter and should rest at that. What is destructive to the welfare of British drama is that television companies are now avoiding more challenging storylines and forms of drama with the fear that they will lose money. Soap operas can easily recover but a single drama either works or ‘flops’. I feel that a balance is needed in that we have our intake of soap operas but there are so many crowding our television airtime that any more would be a waste and hinder other forms of more serious drama. I find myself also questioning the continuity of its popularity, for if there are too many soap operas then we see the same issues occurring again and again. The interest may soon die as we seek for more challenging material and thus, the necessity for a balance is vital, in having airtime for escaping into another world, realistic or not, without having to think to much, and having time for the more serious programmes where we are left questioning.

The Three Major Religions

The Major Religions Judaism, Christianity and Islamic Humanities 101 August 28, 2010 Strayer University The major religions in the world are Judaism, Christianity, and Islam. Judaism, Christianity, and Islam are monotheistic religions, namely they believe that there is only one God. All three religions believe that this God is the origin and source of all that exists. God cares about the entire creation and desires the well-being of all. God is just and has provided basic rules for our guidance so that we may be good and righteous, according to God's intention. All the major religions of the world have cities that hold special significance to their religion. It may be the home of a religious leader, the birthplace of their god, or the location of an important Temple or shrine. Many of these holy cities are important to more than one religion, which is a little more proof that we're all more alike than we are different. All three religions acknowledge that Moses was a prophet of God. The prophets of Israel and Judah are one of the most amazing groups of individuals in all history. The Islamic faith eagerly awaits the return of the Prophet Jesus born by a miracle of God without a father. The Prophet Mohammed's words give an account of the signs that will precede the coming of Jesus. Through Christianity, the prophets confirmed that God is sovereign over history and is working out His purposes in accordance with an overall plan, sometimes indiscernible, but always in the hands of the Lord. In Judaism, the people saw God's initiative at work in every step of their corporate existence. Yahweh (God) had called Abraham to father a chosen people of destiny. In Exodus, God used the Prophet Moses to affirm His power, goodness, and concern for history The religion's book of revelation, mediated by the prophet, is the Koran. It was not a completely new faith but is the third great monotheistic religion. In Muslim eyes, Mohammed completes a succession of prophets, including Abraham, Moses and Jesus, each of whom refined and restated the message of God. Mecca is a city in Saudi Arabia that is of major religious importance to Muslims. Mecca is the birthplace of the Prophet Mohammed who converted Arabia to Islam. All practicing Muslims accept belief in the ‘Six Articles of Faith’ and are obliged to follow the ‘Five Pillars. ’   They are 1) Muslim profession of faith or shahada, 2) Ritual Prayer or salah, 3) Ritual Prayer or salah, 4) Fasting or sawm, 5) Pilgrimage or hajj. The division between Shia (followers of Ali) and Sunni (followers of the custom of the caliphate) persists to this day. Although both share most of the customs of the religion, Shiites place more emphasis on the guiding role of the imam. About 90% of the world's Muslims are Sunni and about 10% Shia. Muslims prayer five a day. The most important day for them to worship Allah is Friday in the mosque. â€Å"Ramadan, the ninth month of the Islamic Calendar, is considered as one of the holiest months of the year. It was in 610 A. D. when the prophet Mohammad was said to have received revelations from God that later became Islam’s holy book, the Quran† (Ramadan – The Holy Month ,2010). Christians believe Jesus was crucified in Jerusalem. Bethlehem is a very important city to Christians because it is the place where Jesus was born. â€Å"The Christian life involves a number of different aspects. Among the key ones are fellowship with God Our relationships with others, and Obedience to God's commands and Discipline†( Hedrick, C. 1995). The Christian concept of God as creator holds a middle ground. Christianity conceives of God as One. But it is not an isolated One. Rather, God is a person, who is capable of affecting and being affected by others. This is implicit in the concept of God as Father, which is one of the most characteristic teachings of Jesus. The concept of God as personal ultimately led to the Trinity, which is surely one of the most distinctive. In Christianity their holy book is the bible ( Jewish bible and New Testament). Also their main day for worship is on Sunday in a church, chapel, and cathedral. Judaism is a monotheistic religion which believes that the world was created by a single, all-knowing divinity, and that all things within that world were designed to have meaning and purpose as part of a divine order. There are three branch of Judaism which form a type of lifestyle and beliefs of Jewish individuals. â€Å"Orthodox- Traditionalists who observe most of the traditional dietary and ceremonial laws of Judaism. Conservative- Do not holds to the importance of a Jewish political state, but put more emphasis on the historic and religious aspects of Judaism, doctrinally somewhere between Orthodox and Reform. Reform- The liberal wing of Judaism, culture and race oriented with little consensus on doctrinal or religious belief† (McDowell, J. 1992). Judaism has no dogma, no formal set of beliefs that one must hold to be a Jew. In Judaism, actions are far more important than beliefs, although there is certainly a place for belief within Judaism. In traditional Judaism, God is often perceived as a loving Father who is infinitely majestic with divine power? The central prayer of any Jewish religious service is to â€Å"love God†. Palestine was where Judaism found. The main day for worship is on Saturday in synagogue. Moses was the greatest of the prophets for Judaism and there holy book was Torah ( bible). Comparing the view of God between Islam, Judaism and Christiantaiy would reveal som e similarities but Judaism and Christianity will come closer in doctrine. This is because of the Old Testament. Both Judaism and Christianity reject the Origin of the Islamic faith. These are broad statements in comparing the three but still are general facts. From infancy, Muslims are taught about the oneness of God, hence monotheism. Muslim theology also advocates unity of the human race as one family under God and reject the Biblical teaching of a â€Å"chosen† people. To the Muslim, Allah is the name of God that encompasses all the Holy divine attributes. As in the Jewish faith, Jesus is regarded as a prophet but is rejected as the Holy Son of God. Judaism, at least from a traditional religious sense, draws its belief in a monotheistic existence of God from the Old Testament writings. In traditional Judaism, God is often perceived as a loving Father who is infinitely majestic with divine power. The three religions believe that human beings are the highest creatures here on earth. The three Abrahamic religions believe that God and human beings can and should communicate with each other. By revelation God communicates to people, among which the most important are revelation through prophets. These revelations are recorded in the Holy Scriptures of each religion. While the Holy Scriptures of the three religions are not the very same, nevertheless the younger two religions acknowledge God's truth as found in the previous religions, and encourage respect to the Holy Books. All three religions foster modesty, moderation, and honest work. We are to submit ourselves to the will of God. All three religions closely link religion and morality. Religion is to be manifested by showing concern for the well-being and dignity of others, in a life of service to others, and in personal and social ethical behavior. Islam, Judaism, and Christianity share many salient features. All three of these major world religions posit the existence of a single God, or a monotheistic deity. In Christianity, however, it is held that the single God is possessed of three natures, that of God the Father, the Son , and the Holy Spirit. Despite differences, at their core all three religions share the theme of right living and social interaction based upon it, as demonstrated in the following precepts from each religion: Christianity Thou shall not steal; Thou shall not commit adultery; Honor they mother and father. Islam Religion is based on reward and punishment; be good and you will be rewarded, be bad and you will be punished on the terrible day of reckoning. Judaism Refrain from incest, bloodshed, robbery, injustice and lawlessness, inhuman conduct, and idolatry. All three religions closely link religion and morality. Religion is to be manifested by showing concern for the well-being and dignity of others, in a life of service to others, and in personal and social ethical behavior.

Lifestyle Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Lifestyle - Assignment Example Reaching an optimal level health is not a child’s play. It requires lots of hard work, determination, focus and enthusiasm to be called literally smart. Sound mind in a sound body can be referred to as optimal health. So it’s not ONLY about the body rather a pure nourishment of soul and mind is also primarily important. Proper nutrition is first and foremost in obtaining optimal health. Balanced amount of vitamins, proteins, iron, calcium and other elements play vital role in shaping a sound body. The use of oil and calories rich food should minimum while increasing the intake of fruits, vegetables, juices and cereals. Exercise is the next area that requires attention. We have become extremely rigid and stagnant with our life styles. So getting yourself busy in any physical activity is healthy. Remember that, mechanism is important. Proper sleep and rest is important too. In addition with exercises everybody needs rest to function properly. Make sure you get at least six to seven hours of sleep daily. If you are following the above mentioned practices then you can surely work with you mental and spiritual balance. Again I repeat, it’s not only about your body. Focus yourself in meditative prayers. Keep in touch with you strengths and also spare time for the nature. Keep in mind your short term and long term

Cardiac Surgery Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Cardiac Surgery - Essay Example Sympathetic influences exert the opposite effect. In this regard, automaticity is an important property of the cardiac cells that is normally observed in the sinus node, the specialized fibres of the His-Purkinje system, and in some specialized atrial fibres. Bradyarrhythmias result from abnormalities either of impulse formation, that is, automaticity or of conduction. In cardiac surgery, due to the fact that the patient would be brought in a cardiac standstill and other pharmacologic agents would be used to facilitate this would lead to low cardiac output and hence bradyarrhythmias. (Debrunner, M., Naegeli, B., Genoni, M., Turina, M., and Bertel, O., 2004, p 16). The sinus node is normally the dominant cardiac pacemaker because of its intrinsic discharge rate that is highest of all potential cardiac pacemakers. Its responsiveness to alterations in the autonomic nervous system tone is responsible for a rapid heart rate, and the reverse in slowing (Reade, M.C., 2007, p 367). ... Whatever may be the reason, the manifestations happen due to abrupt, prolonged sinus pauses caused by failure of sinus impulse formation or block of conduction of sinus impulse to the surrounding atrial tissues (Bethea, B.T. et al., 2005, p 106). In some patients, sinus node dysfunction is accompanied by abnormalities in AV conduction, and thus aside from having absence of atrial activity, the lower pacemakers fail to emerge during sinus pauses (Daoud, E.G., Snow, R., Hummel, J.D., Kalbfleisch, S.J., Weiss, R., and Augostini, R., 2003, p. 129). External energy sources can be used to stimulate the heart when disorders in impulse formation and/or transmission lead to symptomatic bradyarrhythmias. Pacer stimuli can be applied to the atria and/or ventricles (Overbay, D. and Criddle, L., 2004, p. 26). Temporary pacing is usually instituted to provide pacemaker support when a bradycardia is precipitated by what is presumed to be a transient event, such as, induced cardiac standstill during an open heart surgery, induced cardioplegia in bypass surgeries, ischemia, or drug toxicity (Roschkov, S. and Jensen, L., 2004, p. 33). Temporary pacing is usually achieved by insertion of an electrode catheter with the catheter positioned in the right ventricular apex and attached to an external generator. This generator will assist the heart to generate a pacing impulse on the face of reduced excitability. Excitatory impulses generated by the temporary pacing apparatus would generate depolarization potential to cause cardiac contraction. Epicardial wires allow temporary pacing after cardiac surgery (Puskas, J.D., Sharoni, E., Williams, W.H., Petersen, R., Duke, P., and Guyton, R.A., 2003, pp. E-103). Pacing is

The difference between a group and a team Essay

The difference between a group and a team - Essay Example A person who fails in individual assignments may shine excellently in a group or team under the leadership of a leader. Group and team have some basic differences in their formation, functioning and objectives. In a team work all the members have equal responsibility in completing the project successfully. For example, in a marketing team of an organization, each member of the team has equal responsibility is achieving the target. They cannot put the blame entirely on the team leaders for their failures. On the other hand all the group activities are controlled and directed by a group leader and hence the group leader has more responsibility than the members to attain the group objectives. A team usually consists of people having different skills. They may function better under a team compared to individual functioning. For example in a printing unit, the production team may consist of printers, helpers, designers, materials managers, delivery boys etc. Each member has different skills which will be utilized for the benefit of the company. Team objectives may fail if one or more members fail in their missions. For example, if the materials managers failed to procure the materials in time the production may be disturbed. If either the printer or the helper fails to execute their responsibilities properly, then also the production process may be affected. Group on the other hand consists of people having similar skills. For example, in an organization the accounts department may consist of 5 – 10 accountants under an accounts manager or financial controller. The accounts manager/ financial controller distribute the works to the group members and he is responsible for handling the entire finance matters of the company. In case of a financial problem, he cannot blame the group members since all of them work under the strict

Which contexts and developments help to explain European expansion (wk Essay

Which contexts and developments help to explain European expansion (wk 16) and New World conquest (wk 13) - Essay Example First of all, the course for the New World explorations and the European expansion was dented by the unhealthy interactions and relationship that existed between the indigenous people and the explorers. It is through these interactions that pestilence and violence occurred resulting in a significant decline in the population (Greenblatt 11). The religious conflicts witnessed between the Christians and Muslims resulted in crusades that would go a long way in shaping the conquest. As early as the 11th century, the Catholic Church felt it was its duty to redeem the Spaniards and the Holy Land from people it regarded as religious infidels. It is these fervent crusades that opened the way for European inhabitants to take root in North and South America. ` The religious expeditions into the Middle East exposed the Europeans to the valuable trade goods which came from Asia. These goods namely silks, sugar, spices and other products that were synonymous with India and China were highly regarded in the European households. However, the transportation of such was a rather tiring process that required the services of Muslim middlemen and sometimes the payments of tributes. To solve this, the Portuguese sailors had to look for an alternative route through the coastline of Africa. This way, colonization, took place and slaves were sold to Europe. Another contributing factor to this conquest haze was the discovery of gold by the Spaniards. The Spaniards quickly realized that magnanimous profits would not be drawn from the silk and spices but the gold and silver in the â€Å"new world." This mania about the mineral ores was generated in part by Columbus’ preliminary to Isabella and Ferdinand. All in all, the conquest and expansion was favored or discouraged by the respective natives (Greenblatt 12). While some were subservient, timid, kind and welcoming, others were the direct

Globalization Impact on Iran Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Globalization Impact on Iran - Essay Example As the research stresses the main reason why Iran has recently started to experience the impact of globalization is emergence of modern social networks as well as its rapid economic growth. Despite the fact that globalization has both positive and negative effects, â€Å"the globalization trends in 1990s have affected most of the countries and Iran too has experienced the changing mood of the people†. As the paper declares in spite of different opinions of researchers about the impacts of the globalization process, the effect of this trend on the people’s life is beyond the measure. It worth mentioning that globalization process is a complex of different tenets, which includes such aspects as technological, economic, political, cultural, as well as social. It is hard to properly estimate, which one of those aspects is the most significant and has the biggest impact. The essence of the technological aspect of globalization consist of communication and transporting industries, development of such sciences as microelectronics and IT, etc. The vivid example of the influence of technological aspect of globalization on Iran is increasing popularity and usage of social media. They have facilitated the communication process inside as well as outside the country and contributed to the implementation of main tenets of democracy. Globalization has significantly influenced Iran’ s economic.

A report on application of technology in Operations Management Essay

A report on application of technology in Operations Management - Essay Example This forms the revenue-generating function of any business and thus based on five critical strategies such as speed, flexibility, dependability, quality and cost. All operations activities are carried out based on these strategies. In order to continuously enhance effectiveness of these strategies, various technology services are employed in operations management through advanced information technology and information service (IT/IS) systems. This report evaluates application of IT/IS in various operations activities and their impact on its core strategies. 2. Operations management and strategic objectives: The entire operations/production process is accomplished using resources such as money, raw material, equipment, manpower and finance. These inputs are processed in specific manner through a sequence of preplanned activities in order to produce desired outputs, which can be in the form of completed parts, products, chemicals, service to customers, completed paperwork etc. Operatio ns strategy controls the strategic position of the firm, and is aligned to the overall corporate strategy. This alignment is to ensure all policies and plans reinforce organizational effectiveness and aid in optimum production of goods and services. For example, Toyota’s operations strategy includes designing, assembling and marketing the finished products, but procures the rest from other suppliers (Feist et al, 1999). This strategy is aligned to its corporate strategy of producing defect-free products, in less time and occupy largest market share. In general, operations strategy involves decisions related to design of the process of production or service providing as well as facilities and/or infrastructure needed to support the process. To achieve such tough and complicated objectives, organizations make optimum usage of advanced information and technological services. The IT services form a part of their tactical planning approaches, which also include capital, human reso urces, technology, facilities; staffing and scheduling methodologies to achieve target productions; sales and service operations; inventory management of supplies and delivered goods etc. In addition, short-term operations planning activities such as capacity, quality control, inventory, manpower etc also require IT services for effective operations. 3. Practical applications of IT for objective achievement: The three major components of corporate strategy in any business include operations effectiveness, customer management and production process and innovation (Chase 2006). Information Technology (IT) provides strong platform to convert, store, protect, process, transfer and recover information related to operations, customer and production processes. IT and its systems are used in all operations management processes such as capacity planning, inventory control and management, quality control, human resources management, etc. All business processes such as taking orders from custo mers, handling returns, manufacturing, marketing, delivery of end products also require IT systems. IT finds effective application in all customer management activities such as evaluation of customer feedback, customer satisfaction, customer expectations etc. Application of IT for innovation in operations and production management is mainly through research and development activities. According to Slack et al. (2004) the main objectives of operations manage

Dickens novels Essay Example for Free

Dickens novels Essay Hard Times was one of Dickens’ novels that focuses mainly on the education system and industrialisation. Dickens was furious about the changes in industrialisation throughout the Victorian period and this motivated him enormously to write the novel. Industrialisation meant that working conditions were poor and it had a massive impact on the way schools were run. Dickens hated Victorian schools; he saw the Victorian education system as boring and monotonous and often wrote essays to show his anger and frustration at the government and those responsible for what he saw as the poor schooling techniques. Dickens creates Coketown in this novel and it is used as a representation of the government at that time and is seen as a perfect world for the fact obsessed characters but the novel explores how this way of living is not healthy. Dickens suggests that facts have become a way of life, like a religion, which was very unacceptable for that time because in the Victorian period people were especially religious and that facts were taking over a religion would have been seen as disgusting  Dickens suggests that English towns around the industrialized era are ugly, polluted and debilitated, he suggests this because facts, repetition and the lack of individuality was taking over, one of the ways he achieves this is through his description of coketown. ‘Coketown’ suggests a very scary, dull and boring place, Dickens would have intended us to have this perception because this is how he saw the government’s way of teaching and he wanted us to perceive it in the same way that he did. He also wanted us to see through his description how monotonous and unhealthy the town and way of life in that area had become. Dickens describes the school in this novel as bland, containing no creativeness, or embellishment, a framework built purely on facts and reality alone. The rooms consist of white-washed walls, stripped and bare revealing the actuality industry at the time. Dickens describes the rooms as ‘plain, bare monotonous vault of a school-room’. The word ‘vault’ suggests the school-room takes the image of a jail cell; bare, isolated, barred windows. Therefore this also suggests the pupils attending the school represent prisoners- influenced by the oppressive rules and watchful eye of Gradgrind. Their order is even arranged like prisoners, in a regular pattern, rows spaced evenly, closely monitored and not allowed to move.The rooms consist of white-washed walls, stript and bare revealing the actuality industry at the time. Dickens describes the rooms as ‘plain, bare monotonous vault of a school One of the main statements Dickens is trying to make throughout this novel is the obsession and repetitiveness of facts. The word fact is repeated so much that it feels like its being shoved into the children’s heads. We hope to have, before long, a board of fact, composed of commissioners of fact, who will force the people to be a people of fact and nothing but fact. This firstly shows that it is not just Gradgrind that is obsessed with facts, it is the whole school; implying the whole education system is like this. Also they wish for the facts to be forced upon all people as they are doing in the school. Dickens put Gradgrind across as forceful, having high standards, obsessed and full of facts and wishing every one of his pupils to be as smart as he is. Mr MChoakumchild is portrayed very similarly to Gradgrind, this gives the impression that all teachers of this time were like this. A character who is a representation for Dickens views is Gradgrind. He is used as a representation because he is made to be everything Dickens is against where education is concerned. ‘Forming the minds of reasoning animals’, Gradgrind is referring to the children as animals for testing out his way of education, he does not see them as human he sees them as animals that he needs to train to be just like him. However there are characters in the novel that challenge his way of teaching and try to be individual but Gradgrind sees this as wrong and tries to stop them and get them back in line. actuality industry at the time. Dickens describes the rooms as ‘plain, bare monotonous vault of a school-room’. The word ‘vault’ suggests the school-room takes the image of a jail cell; bare, isolated, barred windows. Therefore this also suggests the pupils attending the schooactuality industry at the time. Dickens describes the rooms as ‘plain, bare monotonous vault of a school-room’. The word ‘vault’ suggests the school-room takes the image of a jail cell; bare, isolated, barred windows. Therefore this also suggests the pupils attending the school represent prisoners- influenced by the oppressive rules and watchful eye of Gradgrind. Their order is even arranged like prisoners, in a regular pattern, rows spaced evenly, closely monitored and not allowed to move.One character who shows a contrast to the Victorian education system is Sissy Jupe. She is polite and full of life, she curtsy’s to address to Gradgrind and this shows how cheerful and polite she is. You can tell sissy loves and respects her father a lot from when she says ‘it’s father calls me Sissy sir’. Gradgrind tries to intimidate Sissy and because she is such a shy character Gradgrind easily embarrasses her with his intimidation ‘she would have blushed deeper, is she could have blushed deeper’ This shows the healthy colour in her face which represents how full of life she is and the fact she could have blushed deeper and deeper shows that she has so many different ideas and wonderful individuality that they just want to burst out of her as she is being made to keep them locked inside her.

Essay 3 Carl Jung Essay Example for Free

Essay 3 Carl Jung Essay This essay will investigate and outline Carl Jung’s theory of personality types, by detailing each types and how they can shape a person. It will look at the origins and characteristics of the attitudes and functions and show how this can be linked to psychological disturbance. This essay will look at theorists that are for and against the approach in order to come to a conclusion of how either successful or unsuccessful they are to help a client reach there own personal goals. It is important to note that Carl Jung worked very closely with Sigmund Freud in  the early stage of his research, and was highly influenced by his companions work, however, both theorists were very different in their thoughts of therapist theory. Freud was concerned with the clients past, whereas Jung’s work was aimed at looking into the clients future. Freud also believed that human motivation was focused on human sexuality, whereas Jung was believed that motivation is caused by psychic energy. Even though Freud did extensive work on the subconscious, Jung believed that there was a deeper level to the  unconscious then Freud, he called this the ‘collective unconscious’. ‘Jung agreed with Freud that a person’s past and childhood experiences determined future behavior; he also believed that we are shaped by our future (aspirations) too’. (http://www. simplypsychology. org/carl- jung. html; 06. 10. 2014) Jung’s idea of the ‘collective unconscious’ can be seen as a collection of unconscious thoughts amongst individuals that ultimately will not be conscious, as the thoughts have not yet been experienced by the individual. Jung believed that peoples experiences and behaviors are shaped by this. Jung called the units of the collective unconscious ‘archetypes’ which he described as peoples untaught tendencies to experience things differently. Jung speculated that as we go through life we do so by going through a sequence of stages caused by a set of ‘archetypal imperatives’ that are shaped by behavior and personality. For example, each individual’s personality is made up of the ‘persona’. The persona is the mask that people wear in order to face the worlds social standards that make us act in a certain way. Jung identified that the  persona is developed in childhood when a child is learning to conform to parental approval. Jung said that individuals that believe their mask to be real might not really know whom or what there true self is, and can cause mental illnesses if not identified. Jung described the ‘shadow’ archetype as the element that helps an individual from forgetting their true self and even though a shadow can be seen as representing a dark side to the personality that maybe unwanted or disapproved by the individual it is this that controls the ‘ego’ and the ‘persona’. ‘The archetype is a symbolic formula which always begins to function when there are no conscious ideas present, or when conscious ideas are inhibited for external or internal reasons’ (C. G. Jung; 1960;Volume Six, Psychological Types; Routledge; Page 377) Jung saw the ‘self’ as an archetype of an individuals whole personality and described this as an individual living to their full potential. He believed that wholeness is the most important aim in life and is only achieved by a person’s individualism and the realisation that they are unique. This discovery of ones  self-realisation is a process that is when an individual looks inside themselves and finally see the world through a better vision. Jung’s research gave him reason to believe that an individual’s personality changes and develops throughout their life, with an influx of social influences. Jung’s theory of ‘personality types’ is based on the concept that people are motivated by their future goals, with an aim to develop themselves in their future life. Jung based his personality types on many other theorists who also researched this area. He specifically based his research on the way that individuals approach reality, and that persons type is the basis on how each individual has learned to communicate. He based each ‘personality type’ into four letters, each of which represented two conflicting behaviour choices. The combination of these letters amounts to sixteen personality types. The first letter represents people’s attitude in regards to how they see themselves and the external environment around them. The first letter can either begin with and ‘E’ for ‘Extrovert’, or ‘I’ for ‘Introvert’. Jung believed that ‘Extroverts’ aim their attention and interests outwards into society in a belief that the people around them recognise and respond to the individual’s life. They need interaction with other in order to fulfil their external expectations. Jung discovered that if the individual’s personality is too extroverted then the individual might fail to play up to what society requires from them and fail to identify their own needs if their ‘extroverted’ behaviour is not recognised by others. If you take an extravert you will find his unconscious has an introverted  quality, because all the extraverted qualities are played out in his consciousness and the introverted are left in the unconscious. (Jung in McGuire Hull, 1977, p. 342) Jung’s research on ‘Introverts’ show a totally different view on a person’s personality and how they view and relate to social expectations. An ‘introvert’ holds social standards and expectations inwards, and believe their own points of view and general thoughts describe what societies expectations mean to them. In other words, ‘Introverts’ give value to there own viewpoint. When an ‘introvert’ individual is in a social situation they do so by interacting on their own terms and therefore can sometimes become unable to communicate their own opinions and views with others. ‘Inferior introverted feeling typically manifests in a conscious attitude that is more or less impersonal. That is why this type may come across as cold and unfriendly; they are simply more interested in the facts than in what effect their attitude may have on others’ (Sharpe, Daryl; 19987; Personality Types – Jungs model of Typology; Inner City Books; Page 48). The next two letters in Jung’s personality types represent two functions that individuals use in their everyday life. One is the ‘perceiving’ function and the other is the ‘judging’ function. The ‘perceiving’ function in the letters is shown as the letter ‘S’ for sensation, and the other is the letter ‘N’ for Intuition. The ‘perceiving’ element is when we encounter new experiences that are unforeseeable, in other words, new situations. The ‘S’ or ‘N’ indicate how a person chooses to take in and respond to this information. The ‘Sensation’ type will accumulate information by centering their interests on what if directly in front of them. This ‘direct’ focus means this type can respond by awareness of facts and appearances. They draw their attention to the environment that is directly around them draw sensations from these. Jung said that the ‘S’ type could relate their immediate experiences to events that have occurred in the past; they tend to be very observant individuals who are influenced by information from their senses in their environment. Jung thought  that these individuals can sometimes reply too deeply on life’s immediate and materiality. ‘Sensation is an irregular function, because it is orientated not by a logical process of judgment but simply by what is and what happens, whereas the extraverted sensation type is guided by the intensity of objective influences’. (Sharpe, Daryl; 19987; Personality Types – Jungs model of Typology; Inner City Books; Page 79) The ‘N’ type uses new information my evaluating all their thoughts possible. They have a huge imagination that chooses to ignore the materialistic surface of  aspects of live, but focus on the ‘bigger picture’. The ‘Intuitive’ will try and find the meaning and future possibilities and not focus on details and factual information as the ‘S’ type would. The can sometimes be so engaged in the meaning that they can oversee the present situation. This type takes new information by looking into the future and what the outcomes may represent to themselves and their lives. They don’t necessarily see what it is, but rather what it may be. This type is very imaginative and is always dreaming about the future  and how to push for change. This type can easily jump to conclusions and make rash decision, and can even be said to confuse fact with reason. ‘Sensation and intuition are the information-gathering (perceiving) functions. They describe how new information is understood and interpreted. Individuals who prefer the sensation function are more likely to trust information that is in the present, tangible and concrete: that is, information that can be understood by the five senses. They tend to distrust hunches, which seem to come â€Å"out of nowhere. ’ (Myers, Isabel Briggs with  Peter B. Myers (1980, 1995). Gifts Differing: Understanding Personality Type. Mountain View, CA: Davies-Black Publishing. Page 45) Jungs’s next set of letter represent how we judge. The letter ‘T’ for ‘Thinking’ and the letter ‘F’ for ‘Feeling’. The judging use is how individuals observe and organize their lives behavior. These letter look at how individuals relate to their social surroundings before they act upon them. The ‘Thinker’ is a type that will use new information in a logical manner, and may tend to be a rule follower that follows social standards. These are the types that have to follow a set order and will categorise information. These types relate with their world with a clear picture as to what ‘will’ happen. They can over analyse that can sometimes distort the truth of the situation. Jung described ‘Feelers’ as individuals that organise information that is new to them on a personal level. They do this by organising their behaviour to a personal way that shares their morals that can be identified with other individuals. ‘Feelers’ have a tendency to make their judgements based on their feelings that is important to the individual; they make their judgements known to others around them and give rise to others responses that form part of their ‘external environment’. It is this personality type that prefers to create their reality with a general consensus with the interaction of others around them. This can sometimes make them reply too much on their feelings and make them dependant on the way they display themselves socially, causing the main aim to be socially accepted and not actually giving themselves any personal satisfaction. ‘Thinking and feeling are the decision-making (judging) functions. The thinking and feeling functions are both used to make rational decisions, based on the data received from their information-gathering functions (sensing or intuition). Those who prefer the thinking function tend to decide things from a more detached standpoint, measuring the decision by what seems reasonable, logical, causal, consistent and matching a given set of rules. Those who prefer the feeling function tend to come to decisions byassociating or empathizing with the situation, looking at it â€Å"from the inside† and weighing the situation to achieve, on balance, the greatest harmony, consensus and fit, considering the needs of the people involved. ’ (http://en. wikipedia. org/wiki/Personality_type#cite_note-Myers-15; 10. 10. 2014) The forth letter of Jung’s personality type is what indicates the external factors of everyday life function. The letter ‘P’ represents ‘Perceiving’ and the letter ‘J’ represents ‘Judging’. Jung believed perceivers to be individuals that are more likely to rely on their  intuition and their experiences as they happen. This is the kind of type that tends to ‘live in the now’ and are totally aware of situations that need a response in an immediate fashion. They are the type that is against a situation where they need to follow set plans and organizations for events. Sensory P types are the sort of personality that are likely to interact physically with the environment around them, which is the opposite of ‘P’ types who see what in front of them and try and make sense of what is means, or in other wise examine situations to  understand what the big picture may be. ‘Perceiving simply what is sensation see’s what is sensation sees what is in the external world, intuition sees (or what we might say â€Å"pick ups†) what is in the inner world’. (Sharpe, Daryl; 19987; Personality Types – Jungs model of Typology; Inner City Books; Page 16) Jung thought ‘Judgers’ to be individuals that rely on rational thinking. This personality type is more than likely to organise for plans and activities and believe that they can predict what is likely to happen in such events. However, if  this type is found to be in a situation that is totally unpredictable than it more than like to cause them discomfort and even become quite irritable as they are not prepared for the event and do not have a set structure to follow. Thinking ‘J’ types relate to the standards that society has created by logically thinking and analysing in regard sot cause and effect. Feeling ‘J’ types are aware of values that they share with others and therefore look at information in a personal way in regards to social relationships. ‘Judging and Perceiving preferences, within the context of personality  types, refers to our attitude towards the external world, and how we live our lives on a day-to-day basis. People with the Judging preference want things to be neat, orderly and established. The Perceiving preference wants things to be flexible and spontaneous. Judgers want things settled, Perceivers want thing open-ended. Judging and Perceiving preferences, within the context of personality types, refers to our attitude towards the external world, and how we live our lives on a day-to-day basis. People with the Judging preference want things to be neat, orderly and established. The  Perceiving preference wants things to be flexible and spontaneous. Judgers want things settled, Perceivers want thing open-ended. (https://www. personalitypage. com/four-prefs. html#JP; 09. 10. 2104) The forth letter of Jung’s personality type theory represents an individuals higher function that relates to how they interact with the world. It conveys an extrovert function that helps set goals and what helps this type to blend in with society. This forth letter shows how our ‘inferior’ function is formed to use our inner reflection on how we interpret life experiences relative to our own self needs. Jung believed that the ‘P’ type extrovert uses there judging function for their inner thoughts. The thinking ‘P’ type inwardly looks at an image of all relationships in a logical way, like a systematic approach. The feeling ‘P’ type sense their own thoughts and values on their choices or intuition, however this can be somewhat difficult for type and they may find it difficult to convey or express directly. ‘J’ type personalities who are extrovert in regard sot their judging function implement their perceiving function for their inner (introvert)  reflections. ‘Sensation’ ‘J’ types hold their information of the physical external environment, mostly if this information is appealing to them on a personal level. The intuitive ‘J’ type will relate to the meaning of this new information. From the investigation of Jungs ‘Personality type’ theory I can see that by knowing a clients personality type can prove a useful tool in relation to helping the client map out their future goals. When a clients comes in the therapy it is usually for a reason, and they will tell you what is happening in their ‘present’ situation. The Jungarian styles it would appear that the clients would tell their life story, once the therapist understands the client’s point of view they can then help the client understand what issues they are impending. Once this has been established then the client and the counselor can then start to move forward to their journey to make goals and implement them. Goals act as a good basis for the therapist and client to see how the counseling is progressing. By understanding what personality type the client is the therapist can then relate to the clients issues and offer solutions. It is also very useful to  ensure that at the beginning of therapy that the therapist determines what the clients expectations are of therapy, and find out what their beliefs and values are and what there views are on their present situation. Once this is determined then the therapist can then see what the client wants to achieve and then help them move on to the level that they can. Carl Jungs research into personality types can offer an understanding for the therapist to see a clients sense of self. With that information the therapist can then set out goals that are achievable for the client to do as they wish in the  future. An aspect that is not looked at is the ‘emotional’ aspect towards situations. A theorist called Hans Eysenck also looked into the theory of ‘extroverts’ and ‘introverts. He concluded that an extrovert is someone who has a strong inhibition that and they can react to situations calmly. ‘Introverts’ can be self-conscious and because of this trait become more alert and maybe edgy in some situations. Eysenck discovered it was important to look at the interaction of emotions with ‘extroverts’ and ‘introverts’ when helping individuals. ‘British psychologist Hans Eysenck developed a model of personality based upon just three universal trails: Introversion/Extraversion, Neuroticism/Emotional Stability and Psychoticism’ (http://psychology. about. com/od/theoriesofpersonality/a/trait- theory. htm; 10. 10. 2014) I can see that understanding personality types is just one aspect or guideline for a therapist to use in helping their client set and achieve goals. It is down to the therapist they decide that this is useful with the client they are presented with or not.